Update Go version for macOS-latest compatibility

[muir]

Update Go version to 1.23+ for macOS-latest compatibility

macOS-latest runners no longer support Go 1.22 and below. This updates
the minimum Go version to 1.23 and tests through 1.27.

This PR updates the Go version to ensure compatibility with macos-latest in GitHub Actions, which no longer supports Go 1.22.

Changes:

• Updated go.mod to require Go 1.23 or higher
• Updated CI workflows to test against Go versions: 1.23.x, 1.24.x, 1.25.x, 1.26.x, 1.27.x
• Updated golangci-lint to use Go 1.23

This ensures the project works with current GitHub Actions runners.

[cursor]

PR Summary

Low Risk
CI and go.mod toolchain bumps only; no runtime or library logic changes, though contributors must use Go 1.23+ locally.

Overview
Raises the module and CI minimum Go version from 1.20 to 1.23 so builds align with current GitHub runners (notably macOS-latest, which no longer supports Go ≤1.22).

The unit test workflow matrix shifts from 1.20–1.23 to 1.23–1.27 across ubuntu, macOS, and Windows. The Codecov job’s setup-go step now pins 1.23 instead of 1.20. No application source changes—only go.mod and workflow config.

^{Reviewed by Cursor Bugbot for commit 0a26d14. Configure here.}

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 68.88%. Comparing base (d3a5656) to head (0a26d14).

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #180      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   64.44%   68.88%   +4.44%     
==========================================
  Files           1        1              
  Lines          45       45              
==========================================
+ Hits           29       31       +2     
+ Misses         14       13       -1     
+ Partials        2        1       -1     

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