diff --git a/cors/pkg.generated.mbti b/cors/pkg.generated.mbti
index 3e5a734..9930930 100644
--- a/cors/pkg.generated.mbti
+++ b/cors/pkg.generated.mbti
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ pub fn append_cors_headers(@mocket.MocketEvent, origin? : String, methods? : Str
 
 pub fn append_cors_preflight_headers(@mocket.MocketEvent, origin? : String, methods? : String, allow_headers? : String, credentials? : Bool, max_age? : Int) -> Unit
 
-pub fn handle_cors(origin? : String, methods? : String, allow_headers? : String, expose_headers? : String, credentials? : Bool, max_age? : Int) -> async (@mocket.MocketEvent, async () -> &@mocket.Responder noraise) -> &@mocket.Responder noraise
+pub fn handle_cors(origin? : String, methods? : String, allow_headers? : String, expose_headers? : String, credentials? : Bool, max_age? : Int) -> async (@mocket.MocketEvent, async () -> &@mocket.Responder) -> &@mocket.Responder
 
 pub fn is_preflight_request(@mocket.MocketEvent) -> Bool
 
diff --git a/dispatch.mbt b/dispatch.mbt
index 2fdf5db..e485f84 100644
--- a/dispatch.mbt
+++ b/dispatch.mbt
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ pub async fn dispatch_http(
   url : String,
   headers : Map[StringView, StringView],
   raw_body : Bytes,
-) -> HttpResponse noraise {
+) -> HttpResponse {
   let (params, handler) = match mocket.find_route(http_method, url) {
     Some((h, p)) => (p, h)
     _ => ({}, handle_not_found())
@@ -15,7 +15,14 @@ pub async fn dispatch_http(
     res: HttpResponse::new(OK),
     params,
   }
-  let responder = mocket.execute_middlewares(event, handler)
+  let responder = mocket.execute_middlewares(event, handler) catch {
+    err => {
+      if @async.is_cancellation_error(err) {
+        raise err
+      }
+      mocket.handle_request_error(event, err)
+    }
+  }
   responder.options(event.res)
   let buf = Buffer()
   responder.output(buf)
diff --git a/error.mbt b/error.mbt
index 294a516..48278e0 100644
--- a/error.mbt
+++ b/error.mbt
@@ -6,3 +6,30 @@ pub suberror NetworkError
 
 ///|
 pub suberror ExecError
+
+///|
+// 请求错误处理器：接收事件和未捕获的错误，返回一个响应。
+// 用于记录日志、返回自定义错误响应等。
+pub type ErrorHandler = (MocketEvent, Error) -> &Responder
+
+///|
+// 默认错误处理器：返回 500 Internal Server Error 并附带错误信息。
+fn default_error_handler(_event : MocketEvent, err : Error) -> &Responder {
+  HttpResponse::new(InternalServerError).body(err.to_string())
+}
+
+///|
+// 将未捕获的请求错误转换为响应，优先使用用户注册的错误处理器。
+fn Mocket::handle_request_error(
+  self : Mocket,
+  event : MocketEvent,
+  err : Error,
+) -> &Responder {
+  (self.error_handler)(event, err)
+}
+
+///|
+// 注册请求错误处理器，用于记录日志或返回自定义错误响应。
+pub fn Mocket::on_error(self : Mocket, handler : ErrorHandler) -> Unit {
+  self.error_handler = handler
+}
diff --git a/error_wbtest.mbt b/error_wbtest.mbt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c0a021
--- /dev/null
+++ b/error_wbtest.mbt
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+///|
+suberror TestRequestError {
+  TestRequestError(String)
+} derive(Debug)
+
+///|
+async test "dispatch converts unhandled handler errors to 500" {
+  let app = new()
+  app.get("/boom", _ => raise TestRequestError("boom"))
+  let response = dispatch_http(app, "GET", "/boom", {}, b"")
+  inspect(response.status_code.to_int(), content="500")
+  let body : String = response.read_body()
+  assert_true(body.length() > 0)
+}
+
+///|
+async test "dispatch uses custom error handler" {
+  let app = new()
+  let log : Array[String] = []
+  app.on_error((event, err) => {
+    log.push("\{event.req.http_method} \{event.req.url}: \{err}")
+    HttpResponse::new(Custom(599)).body("custom")
+  })
+  app.post("/custom", _ => raise TestRequestError("custom"))
+
+  let response = dispatch_http(app, "POST", "/custom", {}, b"")
+  inspect(response.status_code.to_int(), content="599")
+  let body : String = response.read_body()
+  @test.assert_eq(body, "custom")
+  @test.assert_eq(log.length(), 1)
+  assert_true(log[0].contains("POST /custom"))
+  assert_true(log[0].contains("custom"))
+}
+
+///|
+async test "handlers can still catch errors locally" {
+  let app = new()
+  app.get("/local", _ => {
+    let text = try {
+      raise TestRequestError("local")
+    } catch {
+      TestRequestError(msg) => msg
+    }
+    text
+  })
+
+  let response = dispatch_http(app, "GET", "/local", {}, b"")
+  inspect(response.status_code.to_int(), content="200")
+  let body : String = response.read_body()
+  @test.assert_eq(body, "local")
+}
diff --git a/examples/route/pkg.generated.mbti b/examples/route/pkg.generated.mbti
index 1013099..edca620 100644
--- a/examples/route/pkg.generated.mbti
+++ b/examples/route/pkg.generated.mbti
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {
 }
 
 // Values
-pub fn not_found_middleware() -> async (@mocket.MocketEvent, async () -> &@mocket.Responder noraise) -> &@mocket.Responder noraise
+pub fn not_found_middleware() -> async (@mocket.MocketEvent, async () -> &@mocket.Responder) -> &@mocket.Responder
 
 // Errors
 
diff --git a/handler.mbt b/handler.mbt
index 7718114..d0508f0 100644
--- a/handler.mbt
+++ b/handler.mbt
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 ///|
-pub type HttpHandler = async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise
+pub type HttpHandler = async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder
diff --git a/index.mbt b/index.mbt
index 9e820d0..0c47709 100644
--- a/index.mbt
+++ b/index.mbt
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ pub(all) struct Mocket {
   ws_channels : Map[String, Map[String, Unit]]
   ws_client_port : Map[String, Int]
   max_body_size : Int
+  mut error_handler : ErrorHandler
 }
 
 ///|
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@ pub fn new(base_path? : String = "", max_body_size? : Int = 1048576) -> Mocket {
     ws_channels: {},
     ws_client_port: {},
     max_body_size,
+    error_handler: default_error_handler,
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/middleware.mbt b/middleware.mbt
index d22fcee..ce47668 100644
--- a/middleware.mbt
+++ b/middleware.mbt
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 ///|
-pub type MiddlewareNext = async () -> &Responder noraise
+pub type MiddlewareNext = async () -> &Responder
 
 ///|
 // 中间件类型：接受 HttpEvent 和 next 函数，返回 HttpBody
-pub type Middleware = async (MocketEvent, MiddlewareNext) -> &Responder noraise
+pub type Middleware = async (MocketEvent, MiddlewareNext) -> &Responder
 
 ///|
 priv struct MiddlewareTrieEntry {
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ async fn Mocket::execute_middlewares(
   self : Mocket,
   event : MocketEvent,
   final_handler : HttpHandler,
-) -> &Responder noraise {
+) -> &Responder {
   if self.middlewares.is_empty() {
     return final_handler(event)
   }
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ pub async fn execute_middlewares(
   middlewares : Array[(String, Middleware)],
   event : MocketEvent,
   final_handler : HttpHandler,
-) -> &Responder noraise {
+) -> &Responder {
   if middlewares.is_empty() {
     return final_handler(event)
   }
@@ -168,14 +168,14 @@ async fn execute_middleware_chain(
   index : Int,
   event : MocketEvent,
   final_handler : HttpHandler,
-) -> &Responder noraise {
+) -> &Responder {
   if index >= middlewares.length() {
     // 所有中间件都执行完毕，调用最终处理器
     final_handler(event)
   } else {
     // 执行当前中间件
     let current_middleware = middlewares[index]
-    let next = async fn() noraise {
+    let next = async fn() {
       execute_middleware_chain(middlewares, index + 1, event, final_handler)
     }
     current_middleware(event, next)
diff --git a/mocket.js.mbt b/mocket.js.mbt
index d09bb59..126826b 100644
--- a/mocket.js.mbt
+++ b/mocket.js.mbt
@@ -374,7 +374,9 @@ pub fn listen_ffi(mocket : Mocket, address : String) -> Unit {
       }
 
       // 执行中间件链和处理器
-      let responder = mocket.execute_middlewares(event, handler)
+      let responder = mocket.execute_middlewares(event, handler) catch {
+        err => mocket.handle_request_error(event, err)
+      }
       // let boundary = "----------------moonbit-" + port.to_string()
       responder.options(event.res)
       res.write_head(
diff --git a/mocket.native.mbt b/mocket.native.mbt
index a863180..763b539 100644
--- a/mocket.native.mbt
+++ b/mocket.native.mbt
@@ -404,7 +404,14 @@ async fn handle_http_request(
     request_route_path(request.path),
     string_headers_to_views(request.headers),
     raw_body,
-  )
+  ) catch {
+    err => {
+      if @async.is_cancellation_error(err) {
+        raise err
+      }
+      HttpResponse::new(InternalServerError).body(err.to_string())
+    }
+  }
   send_native_response(request, conn, response)
 }
 
diff --git a/native/mongoose/mongoose.mbt b/native/mongoose/mongoose.mbt
index bb655ba..85bb326 100644
--- a/native/mongoose/mongoose.mbt
+++ b/native/mongoose/mongoose.mbt
@@ -184,7 +184,12 @@ fn handle_request(
   async_run(async fn() noraise {
     let response = @mocket.dispatch_http(
       mocket, http_method, url, headers, raw_body,
-    )
+    ) catch {
+      _ =>
+        @mocket.HttpResponse::new(@mocket.InternalServerError).body(
+          "Internal Server Error",
+        )
+    }
     res.status(response.status_code.to_int())
     response.headers.each((key, value) => {
       res.set_header(to_cbytes(key), to_cbytes(value))
diff --git a/performance_wbtest.mbt b/performance_wbtest.mbt
index 928947d..93b2551 100644
--- a/performance_wbtest.mbt
+++ b/performance_wbtest.mbt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ///|
 #warnings("-unused_async")
-async fn benchmark_route_handler(_event : MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise {
+async fn benchmark_route_handler(_event : MocketEvent) -> &Responder {
   "ok"
 }
 
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ async fn benchmark_route_handler(_event : MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise {
 async fn benchmark_middleware(
   _event : MocketEvent,
   next : MiddlewareNext,
-) -> &Responder noraise {
+) -> &Responder {
   next()
 }
 
diff --git a/pkg.generated.mbti b/pkg.generated.mbti
index bc31229..5eaf240 100644
--- a/pkg.generated.mbti
+++ b/pkg.generated.mbti
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ pub fn __ws_emit(Bytes, Bytes, Bytes) -> Unit
 
 pub fn cookie_to_string(Array[CookieItem]) -> String
 
-pub async fn dispatch_http(Mocket, String, String, Map[StringView, StringView], Bytes) -> HttpResponse noraise
+pub async fn dispatch_http(Mocket, String, String, Map[StringView, StringView], Bytes) -> HttpResponse
 
 pub fn dispatch_ws_event((WebSocketEvent) -> Unit, WebSocketPeer, String, Bytes) -> Unit
 
@@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ pub fn encode_multipart(Map[String, MultipartFormValue], String) -> String
 
 pub fn escape_html(String) -> String
 
-pub async fn execute_middlewares(Array[(String, async (MocketEvent, async () -> &Responder noraise) -> &Responder noraise)], MocketEvent, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> &Responder noraise
+pub async fn execute_middlewares(Array[(String, async (MocketEvent, async () -> &Responder) -> &Responder)], MocketEvent, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> &Responder
 
 pub fn form_encode(Map[String, String]) -> String
 
-pub fn handle_not_found() -> async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise
+pub fn handle_not_found() -> async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder
 
 pub fn html(&Show) -> &Responder
 
@@ -117,65 +117,67 @@ pub impl Responder for HttpResponse
 #alias(T)
 pub(all) struct Mocket {
   base_path : String
-  mappings : Map[(String, String), async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise]
-  middlewares : Array[(String, async (MocketEvent, async () -> &Responder noraise) -> &Responder noraise)]
-  static_routes : Map[String, Map[String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise]]
-  dynamic_routes : Map[String, Array[(String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise)]]
+  mappings : Map[(String, String), async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder]
+  middlewares : Array[(String, async (MocketEvent, async () -> &Responder) -> &Responder)]
+  static_routes : Map[String, Map[String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder]]
+  dynamic_routes : Map[String, Array[(String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder)]]
   ws_static_routes : Map[String, (WebSocketEvent) -> Unit]
   ws_dynamic_routes : Array[(String, (WebSocketEvent) -> Unit)]
   ws_clients : Map[String, Unit]
   ws_channels : Map[String, Map[String, Unit]]
   ws_client_port : Map[String, Int]
   max_body_size : Int
+  mut error_handler : (MocketEvent, Error) -> &Responder
   // private fields
 }
-pub fn Mocket::acl(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::all(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::bind(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::checkin(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::checkout(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::connect(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::copy(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::delete(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::get(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::acl(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::all(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::bind(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::checkin(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::checkout(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::connect(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::copy(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::delete(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::get(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
 pub fn Mocket::group(Self, String, (Self) -> Unit) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::head(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::label(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::link(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::head(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::label(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::link(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
 pub async fn Mocket::listen(Self, String) -> Unit noraise
-pub fn Mocket::lock(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::merge(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::mkactivity(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::mkcalendar(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::mkcol(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::mkredirectref(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::mkworkspace(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::move_(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::on(Self, String, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::options(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::orderpatch(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::patch(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::post(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::pri(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::propfind(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::proppatch(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::put(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::query(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::rebind(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::report(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::search(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::lock(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::merge(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::mkactivity(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::mkcalendar(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::mkcol(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::mkredirectref(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::mkworkspace(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::move_(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::on(Self, String, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::on_error(Self, (MocketEvent, Error) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::options(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::orderpatch(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::patch(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::post(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::pri(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::propfind(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::proppatch(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::put(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::query(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::rebind(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::report(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::search(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
 #deprecated
 pub async fn Mocket::serve(Self, port~ : Int) -> Unit noraise
 pub fn Mocket::static_assets(Self, String, &ServeStaticProvider) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::trace(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::unbind(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::uncheckout(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::unlink(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::unlock(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::update(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::updateredirectref(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::use_middleware(Self, async (MocketEvent, async () -> &Responder noraise) -> &Responder noraise, base_path? : String) -> Unit
-pub fn Mocket::version_control(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::trace(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::unbind(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::uncheckout(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::unlink(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::unlock(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::update(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::updateredirectref(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::use_middleware(Self, async (MocketEvent, async () -> &Responder) -> &Responder, base_path? : String) -> Unit
+pub fn Mocket::version_control(Self, String, async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder) -> Unit
 pub fn Mocket::ws(Self, String, (WebSocketEvent) -> Unit) -> Unit
 
 pub(all) struct MocketEvent {
@@ -301,11 +303,13 @@ pub fn WebSocketPeer::to_string(Self) -> String
 pub fn WebSocketPeer::unsubscribe(Self, String) -> Unit
 
 // Type aliases
-pub type HttpHandler = async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder noraise
+pub type ErrorHandler = (MocketEvent, Error) -> &Responder
 
-pub type Middleware = async (MocketEvent, async () -> &Responder noraise) -> &Responder noraise
+pub type HttpHandler = async (MocketEvent) -> &Responder
 
-pub type MiddlewareNext = async () -> &Responder noraise
+pub type Middleware = async (MocketEvent, async () -> &Responder) -> &Responder
+
+pub type MiddlewareNext = async () -> &Responder
 
 pub type WebSocketHandler = (WebSocketEvent) -> Unit
 
diff --git a/static.mbt b/static.mbt
index 0343332..f036906 100644
--- a/static.mbt
+++ b/static.mbt
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ pub fn Mocket::static_assets(
   path : String,
   provider : &ServeStaticProvider,
 ) -> Unit {
-  self.use_middleware(async fn(event, next) noraise {
+  self.use_middleware(async fn(event, next) {
     if !(match_path(path, event.req.url) is None) {
       return next()
     }