diff --git a/__tests__/presentation-4-parser/traverse.test.ts b/__tests__/presentation-4-parser/traverse.test.ts
index 0feba56..dff4d36 100644
--- a/__tests__/presentation-4-parser/traverse.test.ts
+++ b/__tests__/presentation-4-parser/traverse.test.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { join } from "node:path";
 import { cwd } from "node:process";
 import { describe, expect, test } from "vitest";
 import { Traverse } from "../../src/presentation-4";
+import type { Annotation } from "../../src/presentation-4/types";
 
 describe("presentation-4 traverse", () => {
   test("dispatches callbacks across mixed resource types", () => {
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ describe("presentation-4 traverse", () => {
 
     const annotation = {
       id: "https://example.org/anno/1",
-      type: "Annotation",
+      type: "Annotation" as const,
       motivation: ["painting"],
       target: [
         {
@@ -104,11 +105,11 @@ describe("presentation-4 traverse", () => {
       ],
     };
 
-    const traversed = traverse.traverseAnnotation(annotation, undefined, "$.annotation");
-    const target = traversed.target;
-
-    expect(target.type).toBe("SpecificResource");
-    expect(target.selector[0].type).toBe("FragmentSelector");
+    const traversed = traverse.traverseAnnotation(annotation as unknown as Annotation, undefined, "$.annotation");
+    expect(traversed.target).toMatchObject({
+      type: "SpecificResource",
+      selector: [{ type: "FragmentSelector" }],
+    });
     expect(selectorCount).toBe(1);
   });
 
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ describe("presentation-4 traverse", () => {
     const traverse = new Traverse();
     const annotation = {
       id: "https://example.org/anno/list-wrapper",
-      type: "Annotation",
+      type: "Annotation" as const,
       motivation: ["painting"],
       body: {
         type: "List",
@@ -135,26 +136,27 @@ describe("presentation-4 traverse", () => {
     };
 
     const traversed = traverse.traverseAnnotation(annotation, undefined, "$.annotation");
-    expect(Array.isArray(traversed.body)).toBe(false);
-    expect(Array.isArray(traversed.target)).toBe(false);
-    expect(traversed.body.type).toBe("List");
-    expect(traversed.target.type).toBe("List");
-    expect(traversed.target.items[0].type).toBe("SpecificResource");
-    expect(traversed.target.items[0].selector[0].type).toBe("FragmentSelector");
+    expect(traversed).toMatchObject({
+      body: { type: "List" },
+      target: {
+        type: "List",
+        items: [{ type: "SpecificResource", selector: [{ type: "FragmentSelector" }] }],
+      },
+    });
   });
 
   test("coerces PointSelector.t to PointSelector.instant by default", () => {
     const traverse = new Traverse();
     const selector = {
-      type: "PointSelector",
+      type: "PointSelector" as const,
       x: 1,
       y: 2,
       t: 3.5,
     };
 
     const traversed = traverse.traverseSelector(selector, undefined, "$.selector");
-    expect(traversed.instant).toBe(3.5);
-    expect(Object.hasOwn(traversed, "t")).toBe(false);
+    expect(traversed).toMatchObject({ instant: 3.5 });
+    expect(traversed).not.toHaveProperty("t");
   });
 
   test("can disable PointSelector.t coercion via traverse option", () => {
@@ -165,22 +167,23 @@ describe("presentation-4 traverse", () => {
       }
     );
     const selector = {
-      type: "PointSelector",
+      type: "PointSelector" as const,
       x: 1,
       y: 2,
       t: 3.5,
     };
 
     const traversed = traverse.traverseSelector(selector, undefined, "$.selector");
-    expect(traversed.t).toBe(3.5);
-    expect(Object.hasOwn(traversed, "instant")).toBe(false);
+    expect(traversed).toMatchObject({ t: 3.5 });
+    expect(traversed).not.toHaveProperty("instant");
   });
 
   test("normalizes paging first/last string references to typed objects", () => {
     const traverse = new Traverse();
     const annotationCollection = {
       id: "https://example.org/annotation-collection/1",
-      type: "AnnotationCollection",
+      type: "AnnotationCollection" as const,
+      label: null,
       first: "https://example.org/annotation-collection/1/page/1",
       last: "https://example.org/annotation-collection/1/page/2",
       items: [],
@@ -203,10 +206,10 @@ describe("presentation-4 traverse", () => {
 
     const collection = {
       id: "https://example.org/collection/1",
-      type: "Collection",
+      type: "Collection" as const,
+      label: { en: ["Collection"] },
       first: "https://example.org/collection/1/page/1",
       last: "https://example.org/collection/1/page/2",
-      items: [],
     };
 
     const traversedCollection = traverse.traverseCollection(collection, undefined, "$.collection");
diff --git a/src/presentation-3/traverse.ts b/src/presentation-3/traverse.ts
index 5502877..c3038f7 100644
--- a/src/presentation-3/traverse.ts
+++ b/src/presentation-3/traverse.ts
@@ -38,9 +38,30 @@ export const types = [
   "Agent",
 ];
 
-export type TraversalContext = { parent?: any };
-
-export type Traversal<T> = (jsonLd: T, context: TraversalContext) => Partial<T> | any;
+export type Presentation3Resource =
+  | Collection
+  | Manifest
+  | Canvas
+  | AnnotationCollection
+  | AnnotationPage
+  | Annotation
+  | ContentResource
+  | ChoiceTarget
+  | ChoiceBody
+  | Range
+  | Service
+  | ResourceProvider
+  | SpecificResource
+  | GeoJSON;
+
+export type TraversalContext = { parent?: unknown };
+
+export type Traversal<T> = (jsonLd: T, context: TraversalContext) => unknown;
+
+export type AllTraversal = <Resource extends Presentation3Resource>(
+  resource: Resource,
+  context: TraversalContext
+) => unknown;
 
 export type TraversalMap = {
   collection?: Array<Traversal<Collection>>;
@@ -62,7 +83,7 @@ export type TraverseOptions = {
   allowUndefinedReturn: boolean;
 };
 
-export function identifyResource(resource: any, typeHint?: string): string {
+export function identifyResource(resource: unknown, typeHint?: string): string {
   if (typeof resource === "undefined" || resource === null) {
     throw new Error("Null or undefined is not a valid entity.");
   }
@@ -76,14 +97,14 @@ export function identifyResource(resource: any, typeHint?: string): string {
     throw new Error(`${typeof resource} is not a valid entity`);
   }
 
-  if (typeof resource!.type === "string") {
+  if ("type" in resource && typeof resource.type === "string") {
     const hasType = types.indexOf(resource.type);
     if (hasType !== -1) {
       return types[hasType]!;
     }
   }
 
-  if (resource!.profile) {
+  if ("profile" in resource && resource.profile) {
     return "Service";
   }
 
@@ -118,7 +139,7 @@ export class Traverse {
     };
   }
 
-  static all(traversal: (resource: any) => any) {
+  static all(traversal: AllTraversal) {
     return new Traverse({
       collection: [traversal],
       manifest: [traversal],
@@ -136,7 +157,7 @@ export class Traverse {
     });
   }
 
-  traverseDescriptive<T extends Partial<DescriptiveProperties>>(resource: T): T {
+  traverseDescriptive<T extends Presentation3Resource & Partial<DescriptiveProperties>>(resource: T): T {
     if (resource.thumbnail) {
       resource.thumbnail = ensureArray(resource.thumbnail).map((thumbnail) =>
         this.traverseType(thumbnail, { parent: resource }, this.traversals.contentResource)
@@ -148,7 +169,7 @@ export class Traverse {
     return resource;
   }
 
-  traverseLinking<T extends Partial<LinkingProperties>>(resource: T): T {
+  traverseLinking<T extends Presentation3Resource & Partial<LinkingProperties>>(resource: T): T {
     if (resource.seeAlso) {
       resource.seeAlso = ensureArray(resource.seeAlso).map((content) =>
         this.traverseType(content, { parent: resource }, this.traversals.contentResource)
@@ -227,6 +248,7 @@ export class Traverse {
     return collection;
   }
 
+  traverseCollection(collection: Collection, parent?: Presentation3Resource): Collection;
   traverseCollection(collection: Collection, parent?: any): Collection {
     return this.traverseType<Collection>(
       this.traverseDescriptive(
@@ -241,6 +263,7 @@ export class Traverse {
     );
   }
 
+  traverseGeoJson(geoJson: GeoJSON, parent?: Presentation3Resource): GeoJSON;
   traverseGeoJson(geoJson: GeoJSON, parent?: any): GeoJSON {
     return this.traverseType<GeoJSON>(geoJson, { parent }, this.traversals.geoJson);
   }
@@ -276,6 +299,7 @@ export class Traverse {
     this.traverseInlineAnnotationPages.bind(this)
   );
 
+  traverseManifest(manifest: Manifest, parent?: Presentation3Resource): Manifest;
   traverseManifest(manifest: Manifest, parent?: any): Manifest {
     return this.traverseType<Manifest>(this._traverseManifest(manifest), { parent }, this.traversals.manifest);
   }
@@ -309,6 +333,7 @@ export class Traverse {
     this.traverseInlineAnnotationPages.bind(this)
   );
 
+  traverseCanvas(canvas: Canvas, parent?: Presentation3Resource): Canvas;
   traverseCanvas(canvas: Canvas, parent?: any): Canvas {
     return this.traverseType<Canvas>(this._traverseCanvas(canvas), { parent }, this.traversals.canvas);
   }
@@ -328,6 +353,7 @@ export class Traverse {
     this.traverseDescriptive.bind(this)
   );
 
+  traverseAnnotationPage(annotationPageJson: AnnotationPage, parent?: Presentation3Resource): AnnotationPage;
   traverseAnnotationPage(annotationPageJson: AnnotationPage, parent?: any): AnnotationPage {
     return this.traverseType<AnnotationPage>(
       this._traverseAnnotationPage(annotationPageJson),
@@ -363,6 +389,7 @@ export class Traverse {
   }
 
   // @todo traverseAnnotationSelector
+  traverseAnnotation(annotationJson: Annotation, parent?: Presentation3Resource): Annotation;
   traverseAnnotation(annotationJson: Annotation, parent?: any): Annotation {
     return this.traverseType<Annotation>(
       this.traverseLinking(this.traverseAnnotationBody(this.traverseDescriptive(annotationJson as any))),
@@ -384,6 +411,7 @@ export class Traverse {
     return contentResourceJson;
   }
 
+  traverseContentResource(contentResourceJson: ContentResource, parent?: Presentation3Resource): ContentResource;
   traverseContentResource(contentResourceJson: ContentResource, parent?: any): ContentResource {
     if ((contentResourceJson as any).type === "Choice") {
       (contentResourceJson as any).items = (contentResourceJson as any).items.map((choiceItem: ContentResource) => {
@@ -407,6 +435,11 @@ export class Traverse {
     );
   }
 
+  traverseSpecificResource(
+    specificResource: SpecificResource,
+    typeHint?: string,
+    parent?: Presentation3Resource
+  ): SpecificResource;
   traverseSpecificResource(specificResource: SpecificResource, typeHint?: string, parent?: any): SpecificResource {
     let source = specificResource.source;
     if (typeof specificResource.source === "string") {
@@ -420,7 +453,7 @@ export class Traverse {
           typeHint === "Canvas" || source.type === "Canvas"
             ? this.traverseType(source, { parent }, this.traversals.canvas)
             : typeHint === "ContentResource"
-              ? this.traverseContentResource(source, { parent })
+              ? this.traverseContentResource(source, parent)
               : this.traverseUnknown(source, { parent, typeHint }),
       },
       { parent },
@@ -455,10 +488,12 @@ export class Traverse {
     this.traverseLinkedCanvases.bind(this)
   );
 
+  traverseRange(range: Range, parent?: Presentation3Resource): Range;
   traverseRange(range: Range, parent?: any): Range {
     return this.traverseType<Range>(this._traverseRange(range), { parent }, this.traversals.range);
   }
 
+  traverseAgent(agent: ResourceProvider, parent?: Presentation3Resource): ResourceProvider;
   traverseAgent(agent: ResourceProvider, parent?: any) {
     return this.traverseType<ResourceProvider>(
       this.traverseDescriptive(this.traverseLinking(agent)),
@@ -473,10 +508,11 @@ export class Traverse {
       if (typeof returnValue === "undefined" && !this.options.allowUndefinedReturn) {
         return acc;
       }
-      return returnValue;
+      return returnValue as T;
     }, object);
   }
 
+  traverseService(service: Service, parent?: Presentation3Resource): Service;
   traverseService(service: Service, parent?: any): Service {
     const _service: any = Object.assign({}, service);
     if (_service && _service.service) {
@@ -485,6 +521,10 @@ export class Traverse {
     return this.traverseType<Service>(_service, { parent }, this.traversals.service);
   }
 
+  traverseUnknown(
+    resource: unknown,
+    options?: { typeHint?: string; parent?: Presentation3Resource }
+  ): Presentation3Resource;
   traverseUnknown(
     resource: any,
     { parent, typeHint }: { typeHint?: string; parent?: any } = {}
diff --git a/src/presentation-4/traverse.ts b/src/presentation-4/traverse.ts
index e0b46fd..30080d4 100644
--- a/src/presentation-4/traverse.ts
+++ b/src/presentation-4/traverse.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,26 @@
 import { splitCanvasFragment } from "../shared/canvas-fragments";
 import { compose } from "../shared/compose";
 import { ensureArray } from "../shared/ensure-array";
+import type {
+  Agent,
+  Annotation,
+  AnnotationCollection,
+  AnnotationPage,
+  Canvas,
+  Collection,
+  CollectionPage,
+  ContentResourceLike,
+  ListResource,
+  Manifest,
+  Quantity,
+  Range,
+  Scene,
+  Selector,
+  Service,
+  SpecificResource,
+  Timeline,
+  Transform,
+} from "./types";
 import {
   annotationTypes,
   containerTypes,
@@ -15,32 +35,56 @@ import {
   structuralTypes,
 } from "./utilities";
 
+export type Presentation4Resource =
+  | Collection
+  | CollectionPage
+  | Manifest
+  | Timeline
+  | Canvas
+  | Scene
+  | AnnotationPage
+  | AnnotationCollection
+  | Annotation
+  | ContentResourceLike
+  | Range
+  | Service
+  | Agent
+  | SpecificResource
+  | Selector
+  | Quantity
+  | Transform;
+
 export type TraversalContext = {
-  parent?: any;
+  parent?: Presentation4Resource;
   path: string;
   typeHint?: string;
 };
 
-export type Traversal<T = any> = (resource: T, context: TraversalContext) => T | void;
+export type Traversal<T = Presentation4Resource> = (resource: T, context: TraversalContext) => unknown;
+
+export type AllTraversal = <Resource extends Presentation4Resource>(
+  resource: Resource,
+  context: TraversalContext
+) => unknown;
 
 export type TraversalMap = {
-  collection?: Array<Traversal>;
-  collectionPage?: Array<Traversal>;
-  manifest?: Array<Traversal>;
-  timeline?: Array<Traversal>;
-  canvas?: Array<Traversal>;
-  scene?: Array<Traversal>;
-  annotationCollection?: Array<Traversal>;
-  annotationPage?: Array<Traversal>;
-  annotation?: Array<Traversal>;
-  contentResource?: Array<Traversal>;
-  range?: Array<Traversal>;
-  service?: Array<Traversal>;
-  agent?: Array<Traversal>;
-  specificResource?: Array<Traversal>;
-  selector?: Array<Traversal>;
-  quantity?: Array<Traversal>;
-  transform?: Array<Traversal>;
+  collection?: Array<Traversal<Collection>>;
+  collectionPage?: Array<Traversal<CollectionPage>>;
+  manifest?: Array<Traversal<Manifest>>;
+  timeline?: Array<Traversal<Timeline>>;
+  canvas?: Array<Traversal<Canvas>>;
+  scene?: Array<Traversal<Scene>>;
+  annotationCollection?: Array<Traversal<AnnotationCollection>>;
+  annotationPage?: Array<Traversal<AnnotationPage>>;
+  annotation?: Array<Traversal<Annotation>>;
+  contentResource?: Array<Traversal<ContentResourceLike>>;
+  range?: Array<Traversal<Range>>;
+  service?: Array<Traversal<Service>>;
+  agent?: Array<Traversal<Agent>>;
+  specificResource?: Array<Traversal<SpecificResource>>;
+  selector?: Array<Traversal<Selector>>;
+  quantity?: Array<Traversal<Quantity>>;
+  transform?: Array<Traversal<Transform>>;
 };
 
 export type TraverseOptions = {
@@ -51,7 +95,7 @@ export type TraverseOptions = {
 };
 
 type UnknownTraversalArgs = {
-  parent?: any;
+  parent?: Presentation4Resource;
   path: string;
   typeHint?: string;
 };
@@ -109,7 +153,7 @@ export class Traverse {
     };
   }
 
-  static all(traversal: Traversal) {
+  static all(traversal: AllTraversal) {
     return new Traverse({
       collection: [traversal],
       collectionPage: [traversal],
@@ -288,6 +332,7 @@ export class Traverse {
     return collection;
   }
 
+  traverseCollection(collection: Collection, parent?: Presentation4Resource, path?: string): Collection;
   traverseCollection(collection: any, parent?: any, path = "$"): any {
     const withCollectionItems = this.traverseCollectionItems(collection, path);
     const withContainerItems = this.options.legacyPresentation3Behavior
@@ -302,6 +347,7 @@ export class Traverse {
     );
   }
 
+  traverseCollectionPage(collectionPage: CollectionPage, parent?: Presentation4Resource, path?: string): CollectionPage;
   traverseCollectionPage(collectionPage: any, parent?: any, path = "$"): any {
     const withItems = this.traverseCollectionItems(collectionPage, path);
     const withLinks = this.traversePageReferences(withItems, path, "CollectionPage");
@@ -312,6 +358,7 @@ export class Traverse {
     );
   }
 
+  traverseManifest(manifest: Manifest, parent?: Presentation4Resource, path?: string): Manifest;
   traverseManifest(manifest: any, parent?: any, path = "$"): any {
     const pipeline = compose<any>(
       (value: any) => this.traverseManifestItems(value, path),
@@ -321,6 +368,7 @@ export class Traverse {
     return this.traverseType(pipeline(manifest), { parent, path }, this.traversals.manifest);
   }
 
+  traverseTimeline(timeline: Timeline, parent?: Presentation4Resource, path?: string): Timeline;
   traverseTimeline(timeline: any, parent?: any, path = "$"): any {
     return this.traverseType(
       this.traverseLinkedResources(this.traverseContainerItems(timeline, path), path),
@@ -329,6 +377,7 @@ export class Traverse {
     );
   }
 
+  traverseCanvas(canvas: Canvas, parent?: Presentation4Resource, path?: string): Canvas;
   traverseCanvas(canvas: any, parent?: any, path = "$"): any {
     return this.traverseType(
       this.traverseLinkedResources(this.traverseContainerItems(canvas, path), path),
@@ -337,6 +386,7 @@ export class Traverse {
     );
   }
 
+  traverseScene(scene: Scene, parent?: Presentation4Resource, path?: string): Scene;
   traverseScene(scene: any, parent?: any, path = "$"): any {
     return this.traverseType(
       this.traverseLinkedResources(this.traverseContainerItems(scene, path), path),
@@ -407,6 +457,7 @@ export class Traverse {
     return resource;
   }
 
+  traverseAnnotationPage(annotationPage: AnnotationPage, parent?: Presentation4Resource, path?: string): AnnotationPage;
   traverseAnnotationPage(annotationPage: any, parent?: any, path = "$"): any {
     return this.traverseType(
       this.traverseLinkedResources(this.traverseAnnotationItems(annotationPage, path), path),
@@ -415,6 +466,11 @@ export class Traverse {
     );
   }
 
+  traverseAnnotationCollection(
+    annotationCollection: AnnotationCollection,
+    parent?: Presentation4Resource,
+    path?: string
+  ): AnnotationCollection;
   traverseAnnotationCollection(annotationCollection: any, parent?: any, path = "$"): any {
     return this.traverseType(
       this.traverseLinkedResources(
@@ -439,7 +495,7 @@ export class Traverse {
             {
               id: body,
               type: "ContentResource",
-            },
+            } as ContentResourceLike,
             annotation,
             `${path}.body[${index}]`
           );
@@ -545,6 +601,7 @@ export class Traverse {
     });
   }
 
+  traverseAnnotation(annotation: Annotation, parent?: Presentation4Resource, path?: string): Annotation;
   traverseAnnotation(annotation: any, parent?: any, path = "$"): any {
     if (annotation.position && typeof annotation.position === "object") {
       annotation.position = this.traversePosition(annotation.position, annotation, `${path}.position`);
@@ -559,6 +616,7 @@ export class Traverse {
     );
   }
 
+  traverseSelector(selector: Selector, parent?: Presentation4Resource, path?: string): Selector;
   traverseSelector(selector: any, parent?: any, path = "$"): any {
     if (
       this.options.coerceLegacyPointSelectorTime &&
@@ -580,10 +638,12 @@ export class Traverse {
     return this.traverseType(selector, { parent, path }, this.traversals.selector);
   }
 
+  traverseQuantity(quantity: Quantity, parent?: Presentation4Resource, path?: string): Quantity;
   traverseQuantity(quantity: any, parent?: any, path = "$"): any {
     return this.traverseType(quantity, { parent, path }, this.traversals.quantity);
   }
 
+  traverseTransform(transform: Transform, parent?: Presentation4Resource, path?: string): Transform;
   traverseTransform(transform: any, parent?: any, path = "$"): any {
     return this.traverseType(transform, { parent, path }, this.traversals.transform);
   }
@@ -598,6 +658,12 @@ export class Traverse {
     return position;
   }
 
+  traverseSpecificResource(
+    specificResource: SpecificResource,
+    typeHint?: string,
+    parent?: Presentation4Resource,
+    path?: string
+  ): SpecificResource;
   traverseSpecificResource(specificResource: any, typeHint?: string, parent?: any, path = "$"): any {
     const normalizedSpecificResource = this.toSpecificResource(specificResource, typeHint || "Canvas");
     if (normalizedSpecificResource) {
@@ -659,6 +725,11 @@ export class Traverse {
     return this.traverseType(specificResource, { parent, path }, this.traversals.specificResource);
   }
 
+  traverseContentResource(
+    contentResource: ContentResourceLike,
+    parent?: Presentation4Resource,
+    path?: string
+  ): ContentResourceLike;
   traverseContentResource(contentResource: any, parent?: any, path = "$"): any {
     if (!contentResource || typeof contentResource !== "object") {
       if (this.options.legacyPresentation3Behavior && typeof contentResource === "string") {
@@ -757,6 +828,7 @@ export class Traverse {
     );
   }
 
+  traverseRange(range: Range, parent?: Presentation4Resource, path?: string): Range;
   traverseRange(range: any, parent?: any, path = "$"): any {
     if (range.items) {
       range.items = ensureArray(range.items).map((item: any, index: number) => {
@@ -779,10 +851,12 @@ export class Traverse {
     return this.traverseType(this.traverseLinkedResources(range, path), { parent, path }, this.traversals.range);
   }
 
+  traverseAgent(agent: Agent, parent?: Presentation4Resource, path?: string): Agent;
   traverseAgent(agent: any, parent?: any, path = "$"): any {
     return this.traverseType(this.traverseLinkedResources(agent, path), { parent, path }, this.traversals.agent);
   }
 
+  traverseService(service: Service, parent?: Presentation4Resource, path?: string): Service;
   traverseService(service: any, parent?: any, path = "$"): any {
     if (service && typeof service === "object" && service.service) {
       service.service = ensureArray(service.service).map((innerService: any, index: number) =>
@@ -797,7 +871,7 @@ export class Traverse {
       return values[0];
     }
 
-    const listResource = {
+    const listResource: ListResource = {
       id: mintDeterministicId(
         {
           type: "List",
@@ -962,6 +1036,7 @@ export class Traverse {
     return this.toSpecificResource(target, typeHint);
   }
 
+  traverseUnknown(resource: unknown, options: UnknownTraversalArgs): Presentation4Resource;
   traverseUnknown(resource: any, { parent, path, typeHint }: UnknownTraversalArgs): any {
     const type = identifyResourceType(resource, typeHint);
 
diff --git a/src/presentation-4/upgrade.ts b/src/presentation-4/upgrade.ts
index 080d2ba..870018f 100644
--- a/src/presentation-4/upgrade.ts
+++ b/src/presentation-4/upgrade.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 import { convertPresentation2 } from "../presentation-2";
+import type { Collection as Collection2, Manifest as Manifest2 } from "../presentation-2/types";
+import type { Collection as Collection3, Manifest as Manifest3 } from "../presentation-3/types";
+import type { Collection, Manifest } from "./types";
 import {
   deepClone,
   ensureArray,
@@ -426,12 +429,22 @@ function coerceV4Shape(
   return resource;
 }
 
+export function upgradePresentation3To4(entity: Manifest3): Manifest;
+export function upgradePresentation3To4(entity: Collection3): Collection;
+export function upgradePresentation3To4(entity: unknown): Manifest | Collection;
 export function upgradePresentation3To4(entity: any): any {
   const clone = prepareContainerIds(deepClone(entity));
   const typeLookup = collectKnownTypes(clone);
   return coerceV4Shape(clone, typeLookup, true);
 }
 
+export function upgradeToPresentation4(entity: Manifest): Manifest;
+export function upgradeToPresentation4(entity: Collection): Collection;
+export function upgradeToPresentation4(entity: Manifest3): Manifest;
+export function upgradeToPresentation4(entity: Collection3): Collection;
+export function upgradeToPresentation4(entity: Manifest2): Manifest;
+export function upgradeToPresentation4(entity: Collection2): Collection;
+export function upgradeToPresentation4(entity: unknown): Manifest | Collection;
 export function upgradeToPresentation4(entity: any): any {
   const upgraded = convertPresentation2(deepClone(entity));
   if (hasPresentation4Context(upgraded)) {
diff --git a/src/presentation-4/validator.ts b/src/presentation-4/validator.ts
index 4e49f2c..d783771 100644
--- a/src/presentation-4/validator.ts
+++ b/src/presentation-4/validator.ts
@@ -1509,7 +1509,8 @@ export function runRawValidation(resource: any, options: { skipAnnotationShape?:
     ],
     selector: [
       (selector, context) => {
-        if (!selector.type || !selector.type.endsWith("Selector")) {
+        const selectorType = typeof selector === "string" ? undefined : selector.type;
+        if (!selectorType || !selectorType.endsWith("Selector")) {
           issue(issues, {
             code: "selector-type-invalid",
             message: 'Selector.type must end with "Selector"',
@@ -1544,7 +1545,13 @@ export function runRawValidation(resource: any, options: { skipAnnotationShape?:
     ],
     contentResource: [
       (resource, context) => {
-        if (resource.spatialScale && resource.spatialScale.type !== "Quantity") {
+        if (
+          typeof resource === "object" &&
+          resource &&
+          "spatialScale" in resource &&
+          resource.spatialScale &&
+          getType(resource.spatialScale) !== "Quantity"
+        ) {
           issue(issues, {
             code: "spatial-scale-quantity",
             message: "spatialScale must be a Quantity object",
@@ -1553,7 +1560,13 @@ export function runRawValidation(resource: any, options: { skipAnnotationShape?:
             specRef: "#spatialScale",
           });
         }
-        if (resource.temporalScale && resource.temporalScale.type !== "Quantity") {
+        if (
+          typeof resource === "object" &&
+          resource &&
+          "temporalScale" in resource &&
+          resource.temporalScale &&
+          getType(resource.temporalScale) !== "Quantity"
+        ) {
           issue(issues, {
             code: "temporal-scale-quantity",
             message: "temporalScale must be a Quantity object",