From 1a8eb0ba84e5d386741823098acf29170f6832ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Aug 2026 16:31:55 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1/2] [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.15.6 → v0.16.2](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.15.6...v0.16.2)
---
 .pre-commit-config.yaml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 3f91485..b8b3c71 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ repos:
 
 - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
   # Ruff version.
-  rev: v0.15.6
+  rev: v0.16.2
   hooks:
     - id: ruff
       args: [--fix, --exit-non-zero-on-fix]

From da7a89169be9abe48e420d556175a338f17d9604 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Aug 2026 16:32:33 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2/2] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 setup.py                   |  2 +-
 src/iranges/IRanges.py     | 93 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 src/iranges/__init__.py    |  2 +-
 src/iranges/irangeslist.py | 23 +++++-----
 src/iranges/sew_handler.py | 10 ++--
 src/iranges/utils.py       | 14 +++---
 tests/test_coverage.py     |  1 +
 tests/test_interrange.py   |  1 +
 tests/test_intrarange.py   |  1 +
 tests/test_order_ops.py    |  1 +
 tests/test_set_ops.py      |  1 +
 11 files changed, 75 insertions(+), 74 deletions(-)

diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 94d78ce..be7c29b 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def build_cmake(self, ext):
             ext_modules=[CMakeExtension("iranges")],
             cmdclass={"build_ext": build_ext},
         )
-    except:  # noqa
+    except:
         print(
             "\n\nAn error occurred while building the project, "
             "please ensure you have the most updated version of setuptools, "
diff --git a/src/iranges/IRanges.py b/src/iranges/IRanges.py
index 8fcff1d..555e216 100644
--- a/src/iranges/IRanges.py
+++ b/src/iranges/IRanges.py
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from copy import deepcopy
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Literal, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any, Literal
 from warnings import warn
 
 import biocutils as ut
@@ -63,11 +64,11 @@ class IRanges(ut.BiocObject):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        start: Union[np.ndarray, Sequence[int]] = [],
-        width: Union[np.ndarray, Sequence[int]] = [],
-        names: Optional[Union[Sequence[str], ut.Names]] = None,
-        mcols: Optional[BiocFrame] = None,
-        metadata: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], ut.NamedList]] = None,
+        start: np.ndarray | Sequence[int] = [],
+        width: np.ndarray | Sequence[int] = [],
+        names: Sequence[str] | ut.Names | None = None,
+        mcols: BiocFrame | None = None,
+        metadata: dict[str, Any] | ut.NamedList | None = None,
         _validate: bool = True,
     ):
         """
@@ -151,7 +152,7 @@ def _sanitize_names(self, names):
 
     def _validate_names(self):
         if self._names is None:
-            return None
+            return
 
         if not isinstance(self._names, ut.Names):
             raise ValueError("'names' should be a list of strings.")
@@ -185,7 +186,7 @@ def get_start(self) -> np.ndarray:
         """
         return self._start
 
-    def set_start(self, start: Union[np.ndarray, Sequence[int]], in_place: bool = False) -> IRanges:
+    def set_start(self, start: np.ndarray | Sequence[int], in_place: bool = False) -> IRanges:
         """Modify start positions (in-place operation).
 
         Args:
@@ -222,7 +223,7 @@ def start(self) -> np.ndarray:
         return self.get_start()
 
     @start.setter
-    def start(self, start: Union[np.ndarray, Sequence[int]]):
+    def start(self, start: np.ndarray | Sequence[int]):
         """Modify start positions (in-place operation).
 
         Args:
@@ -245,7 +246,7 @@ def get_width(self) -> np.ndarray:
         """
         return self._width
 
-    def set_width(self, width: Union[np.ndarray, Sequence[int]], in_place: bool = False) -> IRanges:
+    def set_width(self, width: np.ndarray | Sequence[int], in_place: bool = False) -> IRanges:
         """
         Args:
             width:
@@ -282,7 +283,7 @@ def width(self) -> np.ndarray:
         return self.get_width()
 
     @width.setter
-    def width(self, width: Union[np.ndarray, Sequence[int]]):
+    def width(self, width: np.ndarray | Sequence[int]):
         """Set or modify width of each interval (in-place operation).
 
         Args:
@@ -323,7 +324,7 @@ def end(self) -> np.ndarray:
         """
         return self.get_end()
 
-    def get_names(self) -> Optional[ut.Names]:
+    def get_names(self) -> ut.Names | None:
         """Get range names.
 
         Returns:
@@ -332,7 +333,7 @@ def get_names(self) -> Optional[ut.Names]:
         """
         return self._names
 
-    def set_names(self, names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]], in_place: bool = False) -> IRanges:
+    def set_names(self, names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None, in_place: bool = False) -> IRanges:
         """
         Args:
             names:
@@ -352,7 +353,7 @@ def set_names(self, names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]], in_place: b
         return output
 
     @property
-    def names(self) -> Optional[ut.Names]:
+    def names(self) -> ut.Names | None:
         """Get names.
 
         Returns:
@@ -362,7 +363,7 @@ def names(self) -> Optional[ut.Names]:
         return self.get_names()
 
     @names.setter
-    def names(self, names: Optional[Sequence[str]]):
+    def names(self, names: Sequence[str] | None):
         """Set new names (in-place operation).
 
         Args:
@@ -388,7 +389,7 @@ def get_mcols(self) -> BiocFrame:
         """
         return self._mcols
 
-    def set_mcols(self, mcols: Optional[BiocFrame], in_place: bool = False) -> IRanges:
+    def set_mcols(self, mcols: BiocFrame | None, in_place: bool = False) -> IRanges:
         """Set new metadata about ranges.
 
         Args:
@@ -419,7 +420,7 @@ def mcols(self) -> BiocFrame:
         return self.get_mcols()
 
     @mcols.setter
-    def mcols(self, mcols: Optional[BiocFrame]):
+    def mcols(self, mcols: BiocFrame | None):
         """Set new metadata about ranges (in-place operation).
 
         Args:
@@ -444,7 +445,7 @@ def __len__(self) -> int:
         """
         return len(self._start)
 
-    def __getitem__(self, subset: Union[Sequence, int, str, bool, slice, range]) -> IRanges:
+    def __getitem__(self, subset: Sequence | int | str | bool | slice | range) -> IRanges:
         """Subset the IRanges.
 
         Args:
@@ -465,7 +466,7 @@ def __getitem__(self, subset: Union[Sequence, int, str, bool, slice, range]) ->
             metadata=self._metadata,
         )
 
-    def __setitem__(self, args: Union[Sequence, int, str, bool, slice, range], value: IRanges):
+    def __setitem__(self, args: Sequence | int | str | bool | slice | range, value: IRanges):
         """Add or update positions (in-place operation).
 
         Args:
@@ -502,7 +503,7 @@ def __setitem__(self, args: Union[Sequence, int, str, bool, slice, range], value
 
         self.delete_nclist_index()
 
-    def get_row(self, index_or_name: Union[str, int]) -> IRanges:
+    def get_row(self, index_or_name: str | int) -> IRanges:
         """Access a row by index or row name.
 
         Args:
@@ -677,8 +678,8 @@ def __deepcopy__(self, memo) -> IRanges:
     #############################
 
     def shift_and_clip_ranges(
-        self, shift: np.ndarray, width: Union[int, None] = None, circle_length: Union[int, None] = None
-    ) -> Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, int, bool]:
+        self, shift: np.ndarray, width: int | None = None, circle_length: int | None = None
+    ) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, int, bool]:
         """Shift and clip interval ranges.
 
         Args:
@@ -705,10 +706,10 @@ def shift_and_clip_ranges(
 
     def coverage(
         self,
-        shift: Optional[np.ndarray] = None,
-        width: Union[int, None] = None,
-        weight: Optional[np.ndarray] = None,
-        circle_length: Union[int, None] = None,
+        shift: np.ndarray | None = None,
+        width: int | None = None,
+        weight: np.ndarray | None = None,
+        circle_length: int | None = None,
         method: Literal["auto", "sort", "hash", "naive"] = "auto",
     ) -> np.ndarray:
         """Compute weighted coverage of ranges.
@@ -842,7 +843,7 @@ def sort(self, decreasing: bool = False, in_place: bool = False) -> IRanges:
         output = self._define_output(in_place)
         return output[order]
 
-    def gaps(self, start: Optional[int] = None, end: Optional[int] = None) -> IRanges:
+    def gaps(self, start: int | None = None, end: int | None = None) -> IRanges:
         """Gaps returns an ``IRanges`` object representing the set of intervals that remain after the ranges are
         removed specified by the start and end arguments.
 
@@ -950,7 +951,7 @@ def disjoint_bins(self) -> np.ndarray:
     #### intra-range methods ####
     #############################
 
-    def shift(self, shift: Union[int, List[int], np.ndarray], in_place: bool = False) -> IRanges:
+    def shift(self, shift: int | list[int] | np.ndarray, in_place: bool = False) -> IRanges:
         """Shift ranges by specified amount.
 
         Args:
@@ -982,9 +983,9 @@ def shift(self, shift: Union[int, List[int], np.ndarray], in_place: bool = False
 
     def narrow(
         self,
-        start: Optional[Union[int, List[int], np.ndarray]] = None,
-        width: Optional[Union[int, List[int], np.ndarray]] = None,
-        end: Optional[Union[int, List[int], np.ndarray]] = None,
+        start: int | list[int] | np.ndarray | None = None,
+        width: int | list[int] | np.ndarray | None = None,
+        end: int | list[int] | np.ndarray | None = None,
         in_place: bool = False,
     ) -> IRanges:
         """Narrow ranges.
@@ -1027,8 +1028,8 @@ def narrow(
 
     def resize(
         self,
-        width: Union[int, List[int], np.ndarray],
-        fix: Union[Literal["start", "end", "center"], List[Literal["start", "end", "center"]]] = "start",
+        width: int | list[int] | np.ndarray,
+        fix: Literal["start", "end", "center"] | list[Literal["start", "end", "center"]] = "start",
         in_place: bool = False,
     ) -> IRanges:
         """Resize ranges to the specified ``width`` where either the ``start``, ``end``, or ``center`` is used as an
@@ -1293,8 +1294,8 @@ def reflect(self, bounds: IRanges, in_place: bool = False) -> IRanges:
 
     def restrict(
         self,
-        start: Optional[Union[int, List[int], np.ndarray]] = None,
-        end: Optional[Union[int, List[int], np.ndarray]] = None,
+        start: int | list[int] | np.ndarray | None = None,
+        end: int | list[int] | np.ndarray | None = None,
         keep_all_ranges: bool = False,
     ) -> IRanges:
         """Restrict ranges to a given start and end positions.
@@ -1370,10 +1371,10 @@ def restrict(
 
     def threebands(
         self,
-        start: Optional[Union[int, np.ndarray]] = None,
-        end: Optional[Union[int, np.ndarray]] = None,
-        width: Optional[Union[int, np.ndarray]] = None,
-    ) -> Dict[str, IRanges]:
+        start: int | np.ndarray | None = None,
+        end: int | np.ndarray | None = None,
+        width: int | np.ndarray | None = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, IRanges]:
         """Split ranges into three parts: left, middle, and right.
 
         Args:
@@ -1417,7 +1418,7 @@ def threebands(
             "right": IRanges(right_starts, right_widths),
         }
 
-    def overlap_indices(self, start: Optional[int] = None, end: Optional[int] = None) -> np.ndarray:
+    def overlap_indices(self, start: int | None = None, end: int | None = None) -> np.ndarray:
         """Find overlaps with the start and end positions.
 
         Args:
@@ -1868,7 +1869,7 @@ def precede(
         select: Literal["all", "first"] = "first",
         delete_index: bool = True,
         num_threads: int = 1,
-    ) -> Union[np.ndarray, BiocFrame]:
+    ) -> np.ndarray | BiocFrame:
         """Find nearest positions that are upstream/precede each query range.
 
         Args:
@@ -1930,7 +1931,7 @@ def follow(
         select: Literal["all", "last"] = "last",
         delete_index: bool = True,
         num_threads: int = 1,
-    ) -> Union[np.ndarray, BiocFrame]:
+    ) -> np.ndarray | BiocFrame:
         """Find nearest positions that are downstream/follow each query range.
 
         Args:
@@ -2013,7 +2014,7 @@ def nearest(
         adjacent_equals_overlap: bool = True,
         delete_index: bool = True,
         num_threads: int = 1,
-    ) -> Union[np.ndarray, BiocFrame]:
+    ) -> np.ndarray | BiocFrame:
         """Find nearest ranges in both directions.
 
         Args:
@@ -2241,9 +2242,7 @@ def combine(self, *other: IRanges) -> IRanges:
     ######>> window methods <<######
     ################################
 
-    def tile(
-        self, n: Optional[Union[int, np.ndarray]] = None, width: Optional[Union[int, np.ndarray]] = None
-    ) -> List[IRanges]:
+    def tile(self, n: int | np.ndarray | None = None, width: int | np.ndarray | None = None) -> list[IRanges]:
         """Split ranges into either n equal parts or parts of fixed width.
 
         Args:
@@ -2297,7 +2296,7 @@ def tile(
 
         return result
 
-    def sliding_windows(self, width: int, step: int = 1) -> List[IRanges]:
+    def sliding_windows(self, width: int, step: int = 1) -> list[IRanges]:
         """Create sliding windows of fixed width and step size.
 
         Args:
diff --git a/src/iranges/__init__.py b/src/iranges/__init__.py
index e5b3558..8a59905 100644
--- a/src/iranges/__init__.py
+++ b/src/iranges/__init__.py
@@ -16,5 +16,5 @@
     del version, PackageNotFoundError
 
 from .IRanges import IRanges
-from .utils import normalize_array
 from .irangeslist import CompressedIRangesList
+from .utils import normalize_array
diff --git a/src/iranges/irangeslist.py b/src/iranges/irangeslist.py
index d314fd1..9329eb6 100644
--- a/src/iranges/irangeslist.py
+++ b/src/iranges/irangeslist.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any
 
 import biocutils as ut
 from compressed_lists import CompressedList, Partitioning
@@ -20,8 +21,8 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         unlist_data: IRanges,
         partitioning: Partitioning,
-        element_metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
-        metadata: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], ut.NamedList]] = None,
+        element_metadata: dict | None = None,
+        metadata: dict[str, Any] | ut.NamedList | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
         """Initialize a CompressedIRangesList.
@@ -52,9 +53,9 @@ def __init__(
     @classmethod
     def from_list(
         cls,
-        lst: List[IRanges],
-        names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]] = None,
-        metadata: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], ut.NamedList]] = None,
+        lst: list[IRanges],
+        names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        metadata: dict[str, Any] | ut.NamedList | None = None,
     ) -> CompressedIRangesList:
         """Create a `CompressedIRangesList` from a regular list.
 
@@ -141,8 +142,8 @@ def __str__(self) -> str:
 
         output += f"partitioning: {ut.print_truncated_list(self._partitioning)}\n"
 
-        output += f"element_metadata({str(len(self._element_metadata))} rows): {ut.print_truncated_list(list(self._element_metadata.get_column_names()), sep=' ', include_brackets=False, transform=lambda y: y)}\n"
-        output += f"metadata({str(len(self._metadata))}): {ut.print_truncated_list(list(self._metadata.keys()), sep=' ', include_brackets=False, transform=lambda y: y)}\n"
+        output += f"element_metadata({len(self._element_metadata)!s} rows): {ut.print_truncated_list(list(self._element_metadata.get_column_names()), sep=' ', include_brackets=False, transform=lambda y: y)}\n"
+        output += f"metadata({len(self._metadata)!s}): {ut.print_truncated_list(list(self._metadata.keys()), sep=' ', include_brackets=False, transform=lambda y: y)}\n"
 
         return output
 
@@ -150,9 +151,9 @@ def __str__(self) -> str:
 @splitAsCompressedList.register
 def _(
     data: IRanges,
-    groups_or_partitions: Union[list, Partitioning],
-    names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]] = None,
-    metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    groups_or_partitions: list | Partitioning,
+    names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None = None,
+    metadata: dict | None = None,
 ) -> CompressedIRangesList:
     """Handle lists of IRanges objects."""
 
diff --git a/src/iranges/sew_handler.py b/src/iranges/sew_handler.py
index 9a9fa20..5b4e70b 100644
--- a/src/iranges/sew_handler.py
+++ b/src/iranges/sew_handler.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from typing import Optional, Tuple, Union
-
 import numpy as np
 
 from .utils import handle_negative_coords, normalize_array
@@ -17,9 +15,9 @@ class SEWWrangler:
     def __init__(
         self,
         ref_widths: np.ndarray,
-        start: Optional[Union[int, np.ndarray]] = None,
-        end: Optional[Union[int, np.ndarray]] = None,
-        width: Optional[Union[int, np.ndarray]] = None,
+        start: int | np.ndarray | None = None,
+        end: int | np.ndarray | None = None,
+        width: int | np.ndarray | None = None,
         translate_negative: bool = True,
         allow_nonnarrowing: bool = False,
     ):
@@ -79,7 +77,7 @@ def _validate_narrowing(self, starts: np.ndarray, widths: np.ndarray) -> None:
                     f"the solved end ({int(ends[idx])}) is > refwidth"
                 )
 
-    def solve(self) -> Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
+    def solve(self) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
         """Resolve Start/End/Width parameters to concrete ranges.
 
         Returns:
diff --git a/src/iranges/utils.py b/src/iranges/utils.py
index b51afff..910766a 100644
--- a/src/iranges/utils.py
+++ b/src/iranges/utils.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from typing import Optional, Tuple, Union
-
 import numpy as np
 
 __author__ = "Jayaram Kancherla"
@@ -8,7 +6,7 @@
 
 
 def normalize_array(
-    x: Optional[Union[int, float, np.number, np.ndarray]], length: int, dtype: np.dtype = np.int32
+    x: float | np.number | np.ndarray | None, length: int, dtype: np.dtype = np.int32
 ) -> np.ma.MaskedArray:
     """Normalize input to masked array with proper length and type.
 
@@ -66,8 +64,8 @@ def handle_negative_coords(coords: np.ma.MaskedArray, ref_len: np.ndarray) -> np
 
 
 def clip_ranges(
-    starts: np.ndarray, widths: np.ndarray, min_val: Optional[int] = None, max_val: Optional[int] = None
-) -> Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
+    starts: np.ndarray, widths: np.ndarray, min_val: int | None = None, max_val: int | None = None
+) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
     """Clip ranges to specified bounds.
 
     Args:
@@ -102,10 +100,10 @@ def clip_ranges(
 def compute_up_down(
     starts: np.ndarray,
     widths: np.ndarray,
-    upstream: Union[int, np.ndarray],
-    downstream: Union[int, np.ndarray],
+    upstream: int | np.ndarray,
+    downstream: int | np.ndarray,
     site: str,
-) -> Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
+) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
     """Helper for promoters/terminators."""
     length = len(starts)
 
diff --git a/tests/test_coverage.py b/tests/test_coverage.py
index 3f6dc4a..08808c4 100644
--- a/tests/test_coverage.py
+++ b/tests/test_coverage.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import numpy as np
+
 from iranges import IRanges
 
 __author__ = "jkanche"
diff --git a/tests/test_interrange.py b/tests/test_interrange.py
index 2a11adf..c4eff9e 100644
--- a/tests/test_interrange.py
+++ b/tests/test_interrange.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import numpy as np
+
 from iranges import IRanges
 
 __author__ = "jkanche"
diff --git a/tests/test_intrarange.py b/tests/test_intrarange.py
index d6bfb6d..c970dd2 100644
--- a/tests/test_intrarange.py
+++ b/tests/test_intrarange.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
+
 from iranges import IRanges
 
 __author__ = "jkanche"
diff --git a/tests/test_order_ops.py b/tests/test_order_ops.py
index 3944fff..2f50a44 100644
--- a/tests/test_order_ops.py
+++ b/tests/test_order_ops.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import numpy as np
+
 from iranges import IRanges
 
 __author__ = "jkanche"
diff --git a/tests/test_set_ops.py b/tests/test_set_ops.py
index f57341e..850ea43 100644
--- a/tests/test_set_ops.py
+++ b/tests/test_set_ops.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import numpy as np
+
 from iranges import IRanges
 
 __author__ = "jkanche"